Author: dr.kijakarn junda MD. first class hon. , FRCP(t)

postexposure medicinespep for HIV

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV: Detailed Overview

Definition: PEP is a 28-day course of HIV medicines taken to prevent HIV infection after potential exposure. It must be started within 72 hours (3 days) of exposure for the best chance of effectiveness.

When to Start:

  • Critical Window: Initiate PEP as soon as possible after exposure, ideally within hours. Even a delay of 72 hours may significantly reduce its effectiveness.

Who Needs PEP?

  • Healthcare workers after needlestick injuries, sexual assault victims, or anyone at risk of HIV exposure.
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Types of Migraine

Types of Migraine

There are several types of migraines, which can be categorized based on their clinical features:

  1. Migraine with Aura: Characterized by premonitory neurological phenomena such as visual scotomas before the headache phase.
  2. Migraine without Aura (formerly termed common migraine): Features include unilateral throbbing headache, nausea and vomiting, or photophobia.

Other types mentioned in recent sources include:

  • Chronic Migraine: Headaches on 8 or more days per month with at least 15 total days of headaches.
  • Hemiplegic Migraine
  • Retinal Migraine
  • Abdominal Migraine (commonly seen in children)
  • Vestibular Migraine

basilar migraine

basilar migraine

Pathophysiology:

Basilar migraine, also known as basilar-type migraine or migrainous brainstem aura, is thought to involve dysfunction in the brainstem and its connections. It may be related to cortical spreading depression (a wave of neuronal depolarization) affecting the occipital cortex and brainstem structures.

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traveler’s diarrhea

Travelers’ diarrhea (TD)

is a common gastrointestinal illness affecting travelers, with prevalence rates ranging from 30% to 70%, depending on the destination and season. Symptoms typically include urgently passed loose stools, abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. In some cases, symptoms may persist for longer than one month in about 2% of patients. TD is also a significant risk factor for developing irritable bowel syndrome.

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