Norovirus summary from Mikai

Norovirus summary from Mikai Leading cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide (~50% of reported outbreaks in the U.S.). –

Predominantly transmitted via fecal-oral route; also present in vomitus. –

Spread by asymptomatically infected individuals and symptomatic persons before symptom onset and for weeks post-recovery. –

Prolonged viral shedding in immunocompromised individuals. –

Pathogenesis:
Exact cellular receptors and attachment sites under investigation. – Infects mature enterocytes in the small intestine, leading to villous atrophy and malabsorption. – Incubation period: 12–48 hours. –

Clinical Features:
Acute onset of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (non-bloody), abdominal cramps, and low-grade fever. – Symptoms typically resolve within 2–3 days; dehydration is the main concern. –

Diagnosis:
Primarily clinical; stool PCR for confirmation in outbreaks. – Rapid antigen tests available but less sensitive than PCR. –

Treatment:
Supportive care (oral rehydration, IV fluids if severe dehydration). – No specific antiviral therapy; vaccination not yet available. –

Prevention:
Hand hygiene, proper food handling, and disinfection with bleach (1:10 dilution) due to virus stability. – No post-exposure prophylaxis. Rationale: Norovirus is a significant global health concern due to its high infectivity, rapid spread, and lack of specific treatments. Supportive care remains the mainstay of management.