Certainly! Here are ten frequently asked questions (FAQs) about skin cancer, based on the context provided and relevant medical knowledge:
1. What is skin cancer?
- Answer: Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells, often due to excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Common types include Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), and Melanoma.
2. What are the main causes of skin cancer?
- Answer: The primary cause is chronic exposure to UV radiation from sunlight, which can lead to DNA mutations. Other risk factors include fair skin, a history of sunburns, genetic predisposition, and exposure to artificial UV sources like tanning beds.
3. How does UV radiation cause skin cancer?
- Answer: UV radiation damages DNA, leading to mutations that can trigger uncontrolled cell growth. The process includes initiation (DNA mutations), promotion (cell proliferation), and progression (tumor development). Mutations in genes like p53 and NOTCH receptor genes are often involved (Martincorena et al., 2015).
4. What are the signs of skin cancer?
- Answer: Common signs include:
- Changes in moles (asymmetry, border irregularity, color changes, diameter >6mm, evolution).
- Persistent sores, red patches, or warts that don’t heal.
- Shiny bumps, nodes, or growths on the skin.
- For SCCs, look for hyperkeratotic papules (actinic keratoses) on sun-exposed areas (Lo et al., 2014).
5. How can skin cancer be prevented?
- Answer: Prevention includes:
- Using broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30+), seeking shade, and wearing protective clothing.
- Avoiding tanning beds and checking skin regularly for changes (Ret et al., 2013).
- Sunscreens can reduce UV-induced mutations in p53 and inhibit tumor development (Martincorena et al., 2015).
6. What is the role of sunscreen in preventing skin cancer?
- Answer: Sunscreen helps block UV rays, reducing DNA damage and the risk of mutations. Studies show that sunscreens can decrease the frequency of p53 mutations and inhibit tumor formation (Ret et al., 2013).
7. What are the treatment options for skin cancer?
- Answer: Treatment depends on the type and stage:
- BCC/SCC: Surgical excision, Mohs surgery, cryotherapy, or radiation.
- Melanoma: Surgery, immunotherapy, targeted therapy (e.g., BRAF inhibitors for BRAF-mutant melanomas), or chemotherapy.
- Actinic keratoses and cheilitis (premalignant forms of SCC) should be treated similarly to SCC (Lo et al., 2014).
8. Can skin cancer spread to other parts of the body?
- Answer: Yes. Melanoma is the most likely to metastasize (spread) to organs like the lungs, liver, or brain. SCCs can also spread, especially if untreated. Regular check-ups are crucial for early detection.
9. Are some skin cancers more dangerous than others?
- Answer: Yes. Melanoma is the deadliest due to its high risk of metastasis. BCC and SCC are less likely to spread but can cause significant local damage if untreated.
10. How often should I check my skin for signs of cancer?
- Answer: Perform self-exams monthly, looking for new or changing spots. See a dermatologist annually for a professional skin check, especially if you have risk factors (Ret et al., 2013).
Additional Tips for Patients:
- Avoid peak sun hours (10 AM–4 PM).
- Use sunscreen year-round, even on cloudy days.
- Report any suspicious changes to your doctor immediately.
For more information, consult a dermatologist or refer to sources like the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) or the Skin Cancer Foundation.