Dengue Fever (DF) and Severe Dengue (SD)
- Vector: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
- Prevention: Mosquito control (elimination of breeding sites, e.g., water storage containers), personal protection (repellents, clothing, screens), and vaccination (Dengvaxia, for seropositive individuals)
- Rationale: Vaccination is limited due to cost and risk of severe disease in seronegative individuals.
- Yellow Fever (YF)
- Vector: Aedes aegypti (urban transmission)
- Prevention: Vaccination (17D vaccine, 100% effective, lifelong immunity), mosquito control (elimination of nondegradable tires, a major breeding site)
- Rationale: Vaccination is critical due to lack of specific treatment; Singapore’s high sanitation and surveillance reduce but do not eliminate risk.
- Chikungunya (CHIKV)
- Vector: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
- Prevention: Mosquito control (same as DF), personal protection; no approved vaccine (vaccines in development)
- Rationale: No specific treatment; prevention relies on vector control and bite avoidance.
Key Challenges:
- Urbanization and nondegradable waste (e.g., tires) create persistent breeding sites.
- Vaccine limitations (cost, contraindications) necessitate reliance on vector control and bite avoidance.
- Singapore’s stringent measures (screens, AC, surveillance) reduce but do not eliminate risk due to global travel and residual vectors.