2023 HIV prevalence in Thailand: ~0.5% (0.4–0.6%) among adults aged 15–49 years (UNAIDS 2023).

• Key populations:
  • Men who have sex with men (MSM): ~18.3% (2022).
  • Sex workers: ~10.4% (2022).
  • People who inject drugs (PWID): ~23.8% (2022).
• New infections (2023): ~23,000 (doubled since 2010).
• AIDS-related deaths (2023): ~5,000 (51% decline since 2010).
• Rationale: Thailand’s epidemic is concentrated in key populations, with declining general prevalence but rising infections in high-risk groups.