AI Knowledge Base

Risk of HIV from Sexual contact

Risk of HIV Transmission via Sexual Contact:

• Vaginal Intercourse:
  • Estimated risk per act: ~0.08% (rang

Rate of HIV transmission from contact , kiss or others?

Sexual Contact:

• Vaginal/Anal Sex: 1–3 per 1,000 exposures (higher for receptive anal sex).
• Oral Sex:

Rate of HIV in Thailand now?

2023 HIV prevalence in Thailand: ~0.5% (0.4–0.6%) among adults aged 15–49 years (UNAIDS 2023).

• Key populations:
• Me

Symptoms and signs of Syphilis

Primary Syphilis:

• Painless, indurated chancre (ulcer) at the infection site (e.g., genital, oral, or anal).

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Burning when urination , what can be?

Infection (most common cause):

• Bacterial cystitis (e.g., E. coli, S. saprophyticus)
  • Rationale: Dysuria,

approach to genital wound/ulcer

History and Examination:

• History: Inquire about duration, pain, discharge, sexual history, systemic symptoms

15 FAQ of Syphilis

1. What is syphilis?
2. A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Treponema pallidum.
3. Rationale: *T. palli

Parasite infection in South East Asian

Malaria (Plasmodium spp.)

• Plasmodium falciparum: Highest mortality, common in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast A

Leptospirosis in Depth

Transmission and Sources:

• Zoonotic Transmission: Primarily via contact with urine of infected animals (roden

Scrub typhus in depth, sign symptoms , cause , treatment

Causes:

• Caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted via the bite of infected chiggers (larval

Rickettsial Infection

Rickettsial Infections: Key Features

• Transmission: Vector-borne (ticks, lice, fleas) or aerosolized (e.g., *

Typhoid fever

Definition: Typhoid fever is a systemic illness caused by Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi, transmitted

15 FAQ of Chikungunya

1. What is chikungunya?
2. A mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus in t

What is Chikungunya virus?

Definition: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus in the *Tog

Drugs treatment of malaria

Uncomplicated Malaria (Chloroquine-Sensitive Strains)

• Chloroquine (10 mg base/kg stat, then 5 mg/kg at 6, 24

New dengue vaccine (can be used in people who never infected)

Current Recommendations for Dengue Vaccines:

• Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV): Approved for individuals aged 9–45 years

Severity of Malaria.

Severe Malaria Criteria (WHO, 2015):

• General Danger Signs:
  • Prostration (inability to sit, stand, or wa

Dengue vaccine , dose , duration , rate of prevention.

Dengue Vaccine (Dengvaxia, CYD-TDV):

• Dosing:
  • 3 doses, 6 months apart (0, 6, 12 months).
  • Rational

Severity of dengue fever

Dengue fever can range from mild to severe, with the most severe form being dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or **deng

Is dengue fever dangerous?

Dengue fever can be dangerous, especially in severe cases. Here’s what you need to know:

• Mild cases often res

How to prevent dengue fever?

Mosquito Control:

• Eliminate standing water where mosquitoes breed (e.g., tires, buckets, flowerpots).
• Use la

Dengue fever in Depth, cause , diagnosis, treatment

Cause:

• Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus with four distinct serotyp

What can it be when you have fever with rash in Thailand , approach.

Common Causes of Fever with Rash in Thailand:

• Dengue fever: High fever, severe headache, pain behind the eye

15 FAQ of Dengue Fever

1. What is dengue fever?

Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is caused by

Mosquito borne disease?

Dengue Fever (DF) and Severe Dengue (SD)

• Vector: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
• Prevention: Mosqui

Drug to prevent Malaria and how to use , rate of prevention

Malaria Chemoprophylaxis Drugs:

• Chloroquine: No longer recommended due to widespread resistance.
• **Meflo

Malaria in Depth , diagnosis , s&s , treatment

Diagnosis:

• Clinical Features:
  • Fever (often cyclic, e.g., tertian or quartan patterns)
  • Chills, sw

What is Malaria

Definition: Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, primarily *P. fal

Is Malaria still exist in ASEAN countries?

Malaria in ASEAN Countries: Yes, malaria remains endemic in several ASEAN countries, though the prevalence has decli

15 FAQ of Malaria

1. What is malaria?
2. A vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes.

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Fever in Tropical country , what can be?

Malaria: A common cause of fever in tropical regions, especially in areas with endemic malaria. Symptoms include fev

How to do when you have diarrhea in Thailand

Hydration:

• Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is crucial to prevent dehydration. Mix 6 tsp sugar + ½ tsp salt in 1

Approach to Traveler\'s diarrhea

Definition: Acute, self-limited diarrhea (3–5 loose stools/day) in a traveler, typically caused by enterotoxigenic *

Headache in pregnant woman?

Primary Headaches (2/3 of cases):

• Migraine (90% of primary cases):
  • Common in pregnancy, especially first

Migraine treatment in pregnancy

First-Line Treatment:

• Acetaminophen (Paracetamol):
  • Safe in pregnancy (FDA category B).
  • Dose: 500

How to avoid migraine?

Identify and Avoid Triggers:

• Common triggers: stress, lack of sleep, certain foods (e.g., aged cheese, chocolate

Drugs to prevent Migraine

Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol)

• Rationale: Reduce sympathetic nervous system activity, which may p

Medicine that can cause headache?

Medicines that can cause headache:

• Antidepressants (e.g., tricyclics like amitriptyline, nortriptyline):

Post coital or Post sexual Headache

Definition: Post-coital or post-sexual headache is a headache that occurs during or immediately after sexual activit

approach to temporal arteritis

Clinical Presentation:

• Headache (often new or worsening), scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, visual symptoms (e

10 FAQ of Acute confusional stage

1. What is the definition of acute confusional state (delirium)?
2. A syndrome characterized by disturbances in attenti

15 FAQ of headache

1. What is a headache?
2. A headache is pain that occurs in any region of the head, including the scalp, face, and neck

approach to secondary headache

Identify Red Flags (Worrisome Features):

• Sudden onset ("thunderclap" headache) – may indicate subarachnoid hemor

primary headache in details

Primary Headaches are not caused by another medical condition. They include:

• Migraine: Recurrent, throbbing

Headache approach

Primary Headaches: Most common, not life-threatening. Examples include:

• Migraine: Throbbing pain, often unilate

10 faq of migraine

1. What is migraine?
2. A primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of moderate to severe headache,

Rare presentation of migraine

Migraine with acute confusional state (ACS):

• Rare, often seen in children or elderly patients.
• Presents with

migaine with basilar artery

Basilar Artery Migraine (BAM):

• Definition: A subtype of migraine with aura, characterized by symptoms refera

migrainous infarction case

Migrainous Infarction (MI):

• Definition: Rare complication of migraine with aura, leading to ischemic stroke.

Novel medicine for migraine

CGRP Antagonists (Gepants):

• Ubrogepant (Ubrelya): Approved for acute treatment; blocks CGRP receptor.
• **