Post Exposure therapy for HIV

Hello! As your medical assistant, I'd like to provide you with detailed information about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP

Incidence of Tuberculosis in Thailand

Let\'s discuss the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Thailand.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data

New Ditans for migraine

Ditans (Ditans) for Migraine:

• Mechanism: Ditans (ditans) are a new class of acute migraine treatments that

Treatment of Tuberculosis

First-Line Treatment Regimen (6 months):

• Initial Phase (2 months): Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Etha

GLP1 RA types , dose , side effects in 2025 2026

2025-2026 GLP-1 RA Updates:

• Liraglutide:
  • Dose: 3.0 mg QD (6% A1c reduction), 1.8 mg QD (4.7% A1c reducti

Summarize side effects of GLP1 RA , by type and percentage

Gastrointestinal Side Effects (most common, typically transient):

• Nausea: ~20-30% (varies by drug and dose; e.g

Summarize liability of using AI in medicine recently?

Liability of AI in Medicine: Recent Insights

• Automation Bias Risk: AI-driven clinical decision support may

What to concern when we have tick bite?

Immediate Concerns:

• Tick Removal: Grasp the tick with fine-tipped tweezers close to the skin and pull straig

Risk of HIV from Sexual contact

Risk of HIV Transmission via Sexual Contact:

• Vaginal Intercourse:
  • Estimated risk per act: ~0.08% (rang

Rate of HIV transmission from contact , kiss or others?

Sexual Contact:

• Vaginal/Anal Sex: 1–3 per 1,000 exposures (higher for receptive anal sex).
• Oral Sex:

Rate of HIV in Thailand now?

2023 HIV prevalence in Thailand: ~0.5% (0.4–0.6%) among adults aged 15–49 years (UNAIDS 2023).

• Key populations:
  • Me

Symptoms and signs of Syphilis

Primary Syphilis:

• Painless, indurated chancre (ulcer) at the infection site (e.g., genital, oral, or anal).

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Burning when urination , what can be?

Infection (most common cause):

• Bacterial cystitis (e.g., E. coli, S. saprophyticus)
  • Rationale: Dysuria,

approach to genital wound/ulcer

History and Examination:

• History: Inquire about duration, pain, discharge, sexual history, systemic symptoms

15 FAQ of Syphilis

1. What is syphilis?
   • A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Treponema pallidum.
   • Rationale: *T. palli

Parasite infection in South East Asian

Malaria (Plasmodium spp.)

• Plasmodium falciparum: Highest mortality, common in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast A

Leptospirosis in Depth

Transmission and Sources:

• Zoonotic Transmission: Primarily via contact with urine of infected animals (roden

Scrub typhus in depth, sign symptoms , cause , treatment

Causes:

• Caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted via the bite of infected chiggers (larval

Rickettsial Infection

Rickettsial Infections: Key Features

• Transmission: Vector-borne (ticks, lice, fleas) or aerosolized (e.g., *

Typhoid fever

Definition: Typhoid fever is a systemic illness caused by Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi, transmitted

15 FAQ of Chikungunya

1. What is chikungunya?
   • A mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus in t

What is Chikungunya virus?

Definition: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus in the *Tog

Drugs treatment of malaria

Uncomplicated Malaria (Chloroquine-Sensitive Strains)

• Chloroquine (10 mg base/kg stat, then 5 mg/kg at 6, 24

New dengue vaccine (can be used in people who never infected)

Current Recommendations for Dengue Vaccines:

• Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV): Approved for individuals aged 9–45 years

Severity of Malaria.

Severe Malaria Criteria (WHO, 2015):

• General Danger Signs:
  • Prostration (inability to sit, stand, or wa

Dengue vaccine , dose , duration , rate of prevention.

Dengue Vaccine (Dengvaxia, CYD-TDV):

• Dosing:
  • 3 doses, 6 months apart (0, 6, 12 months).
  • Rational

Severity of dengue fever

Dengue fever can range from mild to severe, with the most severe form being dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or **deng

Is dengue fever dangerous?

Dengue fever can be dangerous, especially in severe cases. Here’s what you need to know:

• Mild cases often res

How to prevent dengue fever?

Mosquito Control:

• Eliminate standing water where mosquitoes breed (e.g., tires, buckets, flowerpots).
• Use la

Dengue fever in Depth, cause , diagnosis, treatment

Cause:

• Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus with four distinct serotyp

What can it be when you have fever with rash in Thailand , approach.

Common Causes of Fever with Rash in Thailand:

• Dengue fever: High fever, severe headache, pain behind the eye

15 FAQ of Dengue Fever

1. What is dengue fever?

Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is caused by

Mosquito borne disease?

Dengue Fever (DF) and Severe Dengue (SD)

• Vector: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
• Prevention: Mosqui

Drug to prevent Malaria and how to use , rate of prevention

Malaria Chemoprophylaxis Drugs:

• Chloroquine: No longer recommended due to widespread resistance.
• **Meflo

Malaria in Depth , diagnosis , s&s , treatment

Diagnosis:

• Clinical Features:
  • Fever (often cyclic, e.g., tertian or quartan patterns)
  • Chills, sw

What is Malaria

Definition: Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, primarily *P. fal

Is Malaria still exist in ASEAN countries?

Malaria in ASEAN Countries: Yes, malaria remains endemic in several ASEAN countries, though the prevalence has decli

15 FAQ of Malaria

1. What is malaria?
   • A vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes.

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Fever in Tropical country , what can be?

Malaria: A common cause of fever in tropical regions, especially in areas with endemic malaria. Symptoms include fev

How to do when you have diarrhea in Thailand

Hydration:

• Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is crucial to prevent dehydration. Mix 6 tsp sugar + ½ tsp salt in 1

Approach to Traveler\'s diarrhea

Definition: Acute, self-limited diarrhea (3–5 loose stools/day) in a traveler, typically caused by enterotoxigenic *

Headache in pregnant woman?

Primary Headaches (2/3 of cases):

• Migraine (90% of primary cases):
  • Common in pregnancy, especially first

Migraine treatment in pregnancy

First-Line Treatment:

• Acetaminophen (Paracetamol):
  • Safe in pregnancy (FDA category B).
  • Dose: 500

How to avoid migraine?

Identify and Avoid Triggers:

• Common triggers: stress, lack of sleep, certain foods (e.g., aged cheese, chocolate

Drugs to prevent Migraine

Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol)

• Rationale: Reduce sympathetic nervous system activity, which may p

Medicine that can cause headache?

Medicines that can cause headache:

• Antidepressants (e.g., tricyclics like amitriptyline, nortriptyline):

Post coital or Post sexual Headache

Definition: Post-coital or post-sexual headache is a headache that occurs during or immediately after sexual activit

approach to temporal arteritis

Clinical Presentation:

• Headache (often new or worsening), scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, visual symptoms (e

10 FAQ of Acute confusional stage

1. What is the definition of acute confusional state (delirium)?
   • A syndrome characterized by disturbances in attenti

15 FAQ of headache

1. What is a headache?
   • A headache is pain that occurs in any region of the head, including the scalp, face, and neck